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Tom Crean (explorer)

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Tom Crean
A portrait of Crean, February 1915 smoking a pipe
Crean on the Endurance Expedition, February 1915
Native name
Tomás Ó Cuirín (or Ó Croidheáin)[1]
Birth nameThomas Crean
Born(1877-02-16)16 February 1877
Gurtuchrane, Annascaul, County Kerry, Ireland
Died27 July 1938(1938-07-27) (aged 61)
Bon Secours Hospital, Cork, Ireland
Buried
Ballynacourty, Annascaul, County Kerry, Ireland
AllegianceUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Service / branchRoyal Navy
Years of service1893–1920
Awards
Spouse(s)Eileen Herlihy
Children3
Signature

Thomas Crean (Irish: Tomás Ó Cuirín; c. 16 February 1877[2] – 27 July 1938) was an Irish seaman and Antarctic explorer who was awarded the Albert Medal for Lifesaving (AM).

Crean was a member of three major expeditions to Antarctica during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott's 1911–1913 Terra Nova Expedition. This saw the race to reach the South Pole lost to Roald Amundsen and ended in the deaths of Scott and his party. During the expedition, Crean's 35-statute-mile (56 km) solo walk across the Ross Ice Shelf to save the life of Edward Evans led to him receiving the Albert Medal.

Crean left the family farm near Annascaul, in County Kerry, to enlist in the Royal Navy at age 16. In 1901, while serving on Ringarooma in New Zealand, he volunteered to join Scott's 1901–1904 Discovery Expedition to Antarctica, thus beginning his exploring career.

After his experience on the Terra Nova, Crean's third and final Antarctic venture was as second officer on Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. After the ship Endurance became beset in the pack ice and sank, Crean and the ship's company spent 492 days drifting on the ice before undertaking a journey in the ship's lifeboats to Elephant Island. He was a member of the crew which made a small-boat journey of 800 nautical miles (1,500 km) from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island to seek aid for the stranded party.

After retiring from the navy on health grounds in 1920, Crean ran his pub the South Pole Inn in County Kerry with his wife and daughters. He died in 1938.

Early life and career

[edit]

Crean was born around 16 February 1877[2] in the farming area of Gurtuchrane near the village of Annascaul on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland, to Patrick and Catherine (née Courtney) Crean. One of 11 siblings with 7 brothers and 3 sisters.[2] He attended the local Catholic school (at nearby Brackluin), leaving at the age of 12 to help on the family farm. Many sources, including Smith, give Crean's date of birth as 20 July 1877,[3] but more recent scholarship demonstrates this is unlikely given parish records.[2]

At the age of 16, he enlisted in the Royal Navy at the naval station in nearby Minard Inlet, possibly after an argument with his father.[2][4] His enlistment as a boy second class is recorded in Royal Navy records on 10 July 1893.[2][5][6]

Crean's initial naval apprenticeship was aboard the training ship Impregnable at Devonport. In November 1894, he was transferred to Devastation. In December 1894, Crean was posted to HMS Wild Swan a screw sloop as the ship headed to South America to join the Pacific Station. In 1895, Crean was serving in the Americas aboard HMS Royal Arthur, the flagship assigned to the Pacific squadron's base at Esquimalt in Canada. He was by this time, rated an ordinary seaman. Less than a year later, while serving a second term of service aboard Wild Swan he was rated an able seaman.[7] He later joined the Navy's torpedo school ship, Defiance. By 1899, Crean had advanced to the rate of petty officer, second class and was serving in Vivid.[6][8] In 1900, Crean was ledgered to the cruiser Ringarooma, which was part of the Royal Navy's Australian Squadron based in Sydney.[2] On 18 December 1901, he was demoted from petty officer to able seaman for an unspecified misdemeanour.[6][9] In December 1901, the Ringarooma was ordered to assist Robert Falcon Scott's ship Discovery when it was docked at Lyttelton Harbour awaiting to departure to Antarctica. When an able seaman of Scott's ship deserted after striking a petty officer, a replacement was required; Crean volunteered, and was accepted.[10]

Discovery Expedition and aftermath, 1901–1910

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Main article: Discovery Expedition
Aerial view of Hut Point, near McMurdo Station, Antarctica
Aerial view of Hut Point, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica – the location of Discovery's base, in 1902–04

Discovery sailed to the Antarctic on 21 December 1901, and seven weeks later, on 8 February 1902, arrived in McMurdo Sound, where she anchored at a spot which was later designated "Hut Point".[11] Here the men established the base from which they would launch scientific and exploratory sledging journeys. Crean proved to be one of the most efficient man-haulers in the party; over the expedition as a whole, only seven of the 48-member party logged more time in harness than Crean's 149 days.[12] Crean had a good sense of humour and was well liked by his companions. Scott's second-in-command, Albert Armitage, wrote in his book Two Years in the Antarctic that "Crean was an Irishman with a fund of wit and an even temper which nothing disturbed."[13]

Crean accompanied Lieutenant Michael Barne on three sledging trips across the Ross Ice Shelf, then known as the "Great Ice Barrier". These included the 12-man party led by Barne which set out on 30 October 1902 to lay depots in support of the main southern journey undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson. On 11 November the Barne party passed the previous furthest south mark,[14] set by Carsten Borchgrevink in 1900 at 78°50'S, a record which they held briefly until the southern party itself passed it on its way to an eventual 82°17'S.[15]

During the Antarctic winter of 1902 Discovery became locked in the ice. Efforts to free her during the summer of 1902–03 failed, and although some of the expedition's members (including Ernest Shackleton) left in a relief ship, Crean and the majority of the party remained in the Antarctic until the ship was finally freed in February 1904.[16] After returning to regular naval duty, Crean was promoted to petty officer, first class, on Scott's recommendation.[6][17]

Crean came back to regular duty at the naval base at Chatham, Kent, serving first in Pembroke in 1904 and later transferring to the torpedo school on Vernon. Crean had caught Captain Scott's attention with his attitude and work ethic on the Discovery Expedition, and in 1906 Scott requested that Crean join him on Victorious.[6][18] Over the next few years, Crean followed Scott successively to Albemarle, Essex and Bulwark.[6][18] By 1907, Scott was planning his second expedition to the Antarctic. Meanwhile, Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition, 1907–09, despite reaching a new furthest south record of 88°23'S, had failed to reach the South Pole.[19] Scott was with Crean when the news of Shackleton's near miss became public; it is recorded that Scott observed to Crean: "I think we'd better have a shot next."[20]

Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–1913

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See also: Terra Nova Expedition and Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott expeditions
Six men are working with sleds and camping equipment, close to a pointed tent pitched on a snowy surface. Nearby, upright skis have been parked in the snow
Scott's polar party at 87°S, 31 December 1911, before Crean's return with the last supporting party

Scott held Crean in high regard,[21] so he was among the first people recruited for the Terra Nova Expedition, which set out for the Antarctic in June 1910, and one of the few men in the party with previous polar experience.[17] After the expedition's arrival in McMurdo Sound in January 1911, Crean was part of the 13-man team who established "One Ton Depot", 130 statute miles (210 km) from Hut Point, so named because of the large amount of food and equipment cached there on the projected route to the South Pole.[22] Returning from the depot to base camp at Cape Evans, Crean, accompanied by Apsley Cherry-Garrard and Henry "Birdie" Bowers, experienced near-disaster when camping on unstable sea ice. During the night the ice broke up, leaving the men adrift on an ice floe and separated from their sledges. Crean probably saved the group's lives, by leaping from floe to floe until he reached the Barrier edge and was able to summon help.[23] Earlier that day, Bowers recounted in a letter that he had mistaken a bag of curry for a bag of cocoa, and Crean "drank his right down before discovering anything was wrong".[citation needed]

Petty officers Edgar Evans and Crean mending sleeping bags (May 1911)

Crean departed with Scott in November 1911, for the attempt at the South Pole. This journey had three stages: 400 statute miles (640 km) across the Barrier, 120 statute miles (190 km) up the heavily crevassed Beardmore Glacier to an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above sea level, and then another 350 statute miles (560 km) to the Pole.[24] At regular intervals, supporting parties returned to base; Crean was in the final group of eight men that marched on to the polar plateau and reached 87°32'S, 168 statute miles (270 km) from the pole. Here, on 4 January 1912, Scott selected his final polar party: Crean, William Lashly and Edward Evans were ordered to return to base, while Scott, Edgar Evans, Edward Wilson, Bowers and Lawrence Oates continued to the pole.

One of Crean's biographers, Michael Smith, suggests that Crean would have been a better choice for the polar party than Edgar Evans, who was weakened by a recent hand injury (of which Scott was unaware). Crean, considered one of the toughest men in the expedition, had led a pony across the Barrier and had thus been saved much of the hard labour of man-hauling.[25] Scott's critical biographer Roland Huntford records that the surgeon Edward L. Atkinson, who had accompanied the southern party to the top of the Beardmore, had recommended either Lashly or Crean for the polar party rather than Edgar Evans.[26] Scott in his diary recorded that Crean wept with disappointment at the prospect of having to turn back, so close to the goal.[27]

Two men stand on snowy ground, with a dark sky background, each man with a white pony. The men are dressed in heavy winter clothing. A caption reads: "Petty Officers Crean and Evans exercising their ponies in the winter".
Crean and Edgar Evans exercising ponies, winter 1911

Soon after heading north on the 700-statute-mile (1,100 km) journey back to base camp, Crean's party lost the trail back to the Beardmore Glacier, and were faced with a long detour around a large icefall.[28] With food supplies short, and needing to reach their next supply depot, the group made the decision to slide on their sledge, uncontrolled, down the icefall. The three men slid 2,000 feet (600 m),[29] dodging crevasses up to 200 feet (61 m) wide, and ending their descent by overturning on an ice ridge.[30] Evans later wrote: "How we ever escaped entirely uninjured is beyond me to explain".[29]

The gamble at the icefall succeeded, and the men reached their depot two days later.[30] However, they had great difficulty navigating down the glacier. Lashly wrote: "I cannot describe the maze we got into and the hairbreadth escapes we have had to pass through."[31] In his attempts to find the way down, Evans removed his goggles and subsequently suffered agonies of snow blindness that made him into a passenger.[32]

When the party was finally free of the glacier and on the level surface of the Barrier, Evans began to display the first symptoms of scurvy.[33] By early February he was in great pain, his joints were swollen and discoloured, and he was passing blood. Through the efforts of Crean and Lashly the group struggled towards One Ton Depot, which they reached on 11 February. At this point Evans collapsed; Crean thought he had died and, according to Evans's account, "his hot tears fell on my face".[32]

With over 100 statute miles (160 km) still to travel before the relative safety of Hut Point, Crean and Lashly began hauling Evans on the sledge, "eking out his life with the last few drops of brandy that they still had with them".[33] On 18 February they arrived at Corner Camp, still 35 statute miles (56 km) from Hut Point, with only one or two days' food rations left and still four or five days' man-hauling to do. They then decided that Crean should go on alone, to fetch help. With only a little chocolate and three biscuits to sustain him, without a tent or survival equipment,[34] Crean walked the distance to Hut Point in 18 hours, arriving in a state of collapse to find Atkinson there, with the dog driver Dmtri Gerov.[33][35] Crean reached safety just ahead of a fierce blizzard, which probably would have killed him, and which delayed the rescue party by a day and a half.[32] Atkinson led a successful rescue, and Lashly and Evans were both brought to base camp alive. Crean modestly played down the significance of his feat of endurance. In a rare written account, he wrote in a letter: "So it fell to my lot to do the 30 miles for help, and only a couple of biscuits and a stick of chocolate to do it. Well, sir, I was very weak when I reached the hut."[36]

Scott's party failed to return. The winter of 1912 at Cape Evans was a sombre one, with the knowledge that the polar party had undoubtedly perished. Frank Debenham wrote that "in the winter it was once again Crean who was the mainstay for cheerfulness in the now depleted mess deck part of the hut."[37] In November 1912, Crean was one of the 11-man search party that found the remains of the polar party. On 12 November they spotted a cairn of snow, which proved to be a tent against which the drift had piled up. It contained the bodies of Scott, Wilson, and Bowers.[38] Crean later wrote, referring to Scott in understated fashion, that he had "lost a good friend".[39]

On 12 February 1913 Crean and the remaining crew of the Terra Nova arrived in Lyttelton, New Zealand, and in June the ship returned to Cardiff.[2] At Buckingham Palace the surviving members of the expedition were awarded Polar Medals by King George V and Prince Louis of Battenberg, the First Sea Lord.[40][41] Crean and Lashly were both awarded the Albert Medal, 2nd Class for saving Evans's life, these were presented by the King at Buckingham Palace on 26 July. In November Crean was promoted to the rating of chief petty officer, retroactive to 9 September 1910.[6][42]

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (Endurance Expedition), 1914–1917

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Main articles: Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition and Voyage of the James Caird
A group of men on board a ship, identified by a caption as "The Weddell Sea Party". They are dressed in various fashions, mostly with jerseys and peaked or other hats. The rough sea in the background suggests they are sailing into stormy weather.
Members of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition aboard Endurance, 1914. Crean is second from the left in the first standing row. Shackleton (wearing soft hat) is in the centre of the picture.

In October 1913, a close friend of Captain Scott, Joseph Foster Stackhouse, announced plans for a British Antarctic Expedition to explore the uncharted coastlines between King Edward VII Land and Graham Land. The expedition was due to depart England in August 1914 aboard RRS Discovery, the ship of Crean's first mission to Antarctica. In February 1914, Stackhouse confirmed that Crean was to join the expedition as Boatswain, however, in April 1914, Stackhouse's plans were postponed. This left Shackleton free to recruit Crean to his expedition which was also scheduled to depart in August 1914.[2]

Shackleton knew Crean well from the Discovery Expedition, and also knew of his exploits on Scott's last expedition. Like Scott, Shackleton trusted Crean:[43] he was worth, in Shackleton's own word, "trumps".[44] Crean joined Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition on 25 May 1914, as second officer,[45] with a varied range of duties. In the absence of a Canadian dog-handling expert who was hired but never appeared, Crean took charge of one of the dog-handling teams,[46] and was later involved in the care and nurture of the pups born to one of his dogs, Sally, early in the expedition.[47]

On 19 January 1915 the expedition's ship, the Endurance, was beset in the Weddell Sea pack ice. In the early efforts to free her, Crean narrowly escaped being crushed by a sudden movement in the ice.[48] The ship drifted in the ice for months, eventually sinking on 21 November. Shackleton informed the men that they would drag the food, gear, and three lifeboats across the pack ice, to Snow Hill or Robertson Island, 200 statute miles (320 km) away. Because of uneven ice conditions, pressure ridges, and the danger of ice breakup which could separate the men, they soon abandoned this plan: the men pitched camp and decided to wait. They hoped that the clockwise drift of the pack would carry them 400 statute miles (640 km) to Paulet Island where they knew there was a hut with emergency supplies.[49] But the pack ice held firm as it carried the men well past Paulet Island, and did not break up until 9 April. The crew then had to sail and row the three ill-equipped lifeboats through the pack ice to Elephant Island, a trip which lasted five days. Crean and Hubert Hudson, the navigating officer of the Endurance, piloted their lifeboat with Crean effectively in charge as Hudson appeared to have suffered a breakdown.[50][51]

Man, standing, wearing a smock, heavy trousers and boots. He has a ski stick in his right hand, a pair of skis strapped on his back, and is carrying a rounded bundle on his shoulder. Behind him on the ground is assorted polar equipment.
Crean, in full polar travelling gear

Upon reaching Elephant Island, Crean was one of the "four fittest men" detailed by Shackleton to find a safe camping-ground.[52] Shackleton decided that, rather than waiting for a rescue ship that would probably never arrive, one of the lifeboats should be strengthened so that a crew could sail it to South Georgia and arrange a rescue. After the party was settled on a penguin rookery above the high-water mark, a group of men led by ship's carpenter Harry McNish began modifying one of the lifeboats—the James Caird—in preparation for this journey, which Shackleton would lead. Frank Wild, who would be in command of the party remaining on Elephant Island, wanted the dependable Crean to stay with him;[50] Shackleton initially agreed, but changed his mind after Crean begged to be included in the boat's crew of six.[53]

The 800-nautical-mile (1,500 km) boat journey to South Georgia, described by polar historian Caroline Alexander as one of the most extraordinary feats of seamanship and navigation in recorded history, took 17 days through gales and snow squalls, in seas which the navigator, Frank Worsley, described as a "mountainous westerly swell".[54][55] After setting off on 24 April 1916 with just the barest navigational equipment, they reached South Georgia on 10 May 1916. Shackleton, in his later account of the journey, recalled Crean's tuneless singing at the tiller: "He always sang when he was steering, and nobody ever discovered what the song was ... but somehow it was cheerful".[56]

Man, sitting, wearing heavy winter clothes. He has a pipe in his mouth and is holding four sled dog puppiess.
Crean and "his" pups

The party made its South Georgia landfall on the uninhabited southern coast, having decided that the risk of aiming directly for the whaling stations on the north side was too great; if they missed the island to the north they would be swept out into the Atlantic Ocean.[57] The original plan was to work the James Caird around the coast, but the boat's rudder had broken off after their initial landing, and some of the party were, in Shackleton's view, unfit for further travel. The three fittest men—Shackleton, Crean, and Worsley—were decided to trek 30 statute miles (48 km) across the island's glaciated surface, in a hazardous 36-hour journey to the nearest manned whaling station.[58]

This trek was the first recorded crossing of the mountainous island, completed without tents, sleeping bags, or map—their only mountaineering equipment was a carpenter's adze, a length of alpine rope, and screws from the James Caird hammered through their boots to serve as crampons.[59] They arrived at the whaling station at Stromness, tired and dirty, hair long and matted, faces blackened by months of cooking by blubber stoves—"the world's dirtiest men", according to Worsley.[60] They quickly organized a boat to pick up the three on the other side of South Georgia, but thereafter it took Shackleton three months and four attempts by ship to rescue the other 22 men still on Elephant Island.[61]

Later life

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After returning to Britain in November 1916, Crean resumed naval duties. On 27 December 1916 he was promoted to the warrant rank of acting boatswain (confirmed in 1918) in recognition of his service on the Endurance,[6][62][63] and was awarded his third Polar Medal. A month later, in April, he was granted a licence for the sale and consumption of alcohol from his dwelling house, a premises he had purchased in 1916. The business was left in the care of family while he served out his time in the Royal Navy.[2]

On 5 September 1917, Crean married Eileen Herlihy of Annascaul. In early 1920, Shackleton was organising another Antarctic expedition, later to be known as the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition. He invited Crean to join him, along with other officers from the Endurance. By this time, however, Crean's second daughter had arrived, and he had plans to open a business following his naval career. He turned down Shackleton's invitation.[64] On his last naval assignment, with HMS Hecla, Crean suffered a bad fall which caused lasting effects to his vision. As a result, he was retired on medical grounds on 24 March 1920.[63][65] He and Eileen opened a small public house in Annascaul, which he called the South Pole Inn.[66] The couple had three daughters, Mary, Kate, and Eileen,[67] although Kate died when she was three years old.[68]

In the foreground is a dark-coloured statue of a man carrying a small dogs.
Statue of Crean in Annascaul

Throughout his life, Crean remained an extremely modest man. When he returned to Kerry, he put all of his medals away and never again spoke about his experiences in the Antarctic. There is no reliable evidence of Crean giving any interviews to the press.[69] Smith speculates that this may have been because Kerry was a hotbed of Irish nationalism and later Irish republicanism, and, along with County Cork, a centre of violence.[69] The Crean family were once subject to a Black and Tan raid during the Irish War of Independence. Their inn was ransacked until the raiders happened across Crean's framed photo in Royal Navy dress uniform and medals. They then left his inn.[70] On 13 April 1920, Crean was present among crowds gathered in Tralee to protest against the treatment of republican prisoners who had gone on a hunger strike in Mountjoy jail.[2]

Crean's older brother was Cornelius Crean, a sergeant in the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC).[71] Cornelius was based in County Cork, where he served with the RIC during the War of Independence.[71] Sgt. Crean was killed during an IRA ambush near Upton on 25 April 1920.[71]

In 1938, Crean became ill with a burst appendix. He was taken to the nearest hospital in Tralee, but as no surgeon was available, he was transferred to the Bon Secours Hospital in Cork, where his appendix was removed.[72] Because the operation had been delayed, an infection developed, and after a week in the hospital he died on 27 July 1938. He was buried in his family's tomb at the cemetery in Ballynacourty, Annascaul, County Kerry.[73]

Legacy

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Geological features named after the explorer include Mount Crean, a 8,630-foot (2,630 m) peak in Victoria Land, Antarctica[74] and 2,300-foot (700 m) Mount Crean in Greenland,[75] and two places on South Georgia, Crean Glacier and Crean Lake[76][77][78] He was portrayed in the 1985 television series The Last Place on Earth by Daragh O'Malley,[79] and by Aidan Dooley in the one-man play, Tom Crean – Antarctic Explorer.[80] In July 2003, a bronze statue of Crean was unveiled across from his pub in Annascaul. It depicts him leaning against a crate whilst holding a pair of hiking poles in one hand and two sled dog pups in the other.[81] In February 2021 it was announced that a new research vessel being commissioned by the Irish government's Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine would be named RV Tom Crean.[82] In 2024, the children's picture book, The Indestructible Tom Crean: Heroic Explorer of the Antarctic by Jennifer Thermes (Penguin Random House) received the Flora Stieglitz Straus Award for younger readers[83] from the Children's Book Committee (CBC) of Bank Street College of Education and appeared on its Best Children's Books of the Year list with Outstanding Merit.[84]

Notes

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  1. ^ Smith 2010, chapter 1: "In Irish his name is written as Tomás ó Croidheáin or Ó Cuirín".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Murphy, David. "Crean, Thomas ("Tom")". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  3. ^ Smith, p. 16
  4. ^ Smith, p. 18
  5. ^ Smith, p. 19
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Registers of Seamen's Services—Image details—Crean, Thomas (until promotion to warrant officer)" (paywall). DocumentsOnline. The National Archives. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
  7. ^ "Crean, Thomas". The National Archives. 1893. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  8. ^ Smith, pp. 20–21
  9. ^ Smith, p. 29
  10. ^ Smith, p. 31
  11. ^ The name "Hut Point" was given to mark the location, alongside the ship's anchorage, of the expedition's main storage hut, which was used in later expeditions as a shelter and storage depot. Crane, p. 157
  12. ^ Smith, pp. 46–47
  13. ^ Smith, p. 46
  14. ^ Smith, p. 55
  15. ^ Crane, pp. 214–15. Modern re-calculations based on photographs have placed this furthest south at 82°11'S (Crane map, p. 215).
  16. ^ Preston, pp. 67–69
  17. ^ a b Smith, p. 70
  18. ^ a b Crean, Royal Navy service record, referenced in Smith, p. 72
  19. ^ Crane, pp. 394–95
  20. ^ Preston, p. 101
  21. ^ Huxley, p. 434
  22. ^ Cherry-Garrard, p. 107
  23. ^ Cherry-Garrard, p. 147
  24. ^ Smith, p. 102
  25. ^ Smith, p. 161
  26. ^ Huntford (The Last Place on Earth), p. 455
  27. ^ Scott, Diary, 4 January 1912, reprinted in Smith, p. 123
  28. ^ Smith, p. 127
  29. ^ a b Smith, p. 129
  30. ^ a b Lashly's diary, quoted in Cherry-Garrard, p. 402
  31. ^ Lashly diary, quoted in Preston, p. 207
  32. ^ a b c Preston, pp. 206–08
  33. ^ a b c Crane, pp. 555–56
  34. ^ Cherry-Garrard, p. 420
  35. ^ Smith, p. 140
  36. ^ Crean, letter to unknown person, 26 February 1912, reprinted in Smith, p. 143
  37. ^ Smith, p. 168
  38. ^ Crane, pp. 569–70. Oates and Edgar Evans has perished earlier on the return journey.
  39. ^ Crean letter to J. Kennedy, January 1913, SPRI, reprinted in Smith, p. 172
  40. ^ Smith, p. 180
  41. ^ "No. 28740". The London Gazette. 25 July 1913. pp. 5322–5323.
  42. ^ Smith, p. 183
  43. ^ Huntford: Shackleton, p. 477
  44. ^ Alexander, p. 21
  45. ^ Smith, p. 190
  46. ^ Shackleton, pp. 44–45
  47. ^ Alexander, pp. 29–31
  48. ^ Shackleton, p. 31
  49. ^ Alexander, p. 98
  50. ^ a b Alexander, p. 127
  51. ^ Smith, p. 226
  52. ^ Shackleton, p. 147
  53. ^ Shackleton, p. 158
  54. ^ Worsley, p. 142
  55. ^ Alexander, p. 153
  56. ^ Shackleton, p. 174
  57. ^ Alexander, p. 150
  58. ^ Alexander, p. 156
  59. ^ Worsley, pp. 190–91
  60. ^ Worsley, p. 213
  61. ^ Worsley, p. 220
  62. ^ Admiralty Certificate of Qualification for Warrant Officer, 17 August 1917, referenced in Smith, p. 300
  63. ^ a b "RN Officer's Service Records—Image details—Crean, Thomas (from promotion to Warrant Officer)" (fee usually required to view full pdf of service record). DocumentsOnline. The National Archives. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  64. ^ Smith, p. 308
  65. ^ Smith, p. 304
  66. ^ Smith, p. 309
  67. ^ Smith, p. 306
  68. ^ "Irish Genealogy" (PDF). civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  69. ^ a b Smith, p. 312
  70. ^ Interview with his daughter, Mary O'Brien "RTÉ – Charlie Bird on the trail of Tom Crean"
  71. ^ a b c Frank McNally, 'An Irishman's Diary', The Irish Times, p. 17. Dublin, Saturday, 23 April 2016.
  72. ^ "Celebrating Tom Crean, a true hero". Irish Examiner. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  73. ^ "We haven't forgotten Tom Crean in Annascaul". Irish Examiner. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  74. ^ "Cambridge University: Scott Polar Research Institute". Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  75. ^ Lorna Siggins (11 April 2011). "'Mount Crean' named among Greenland peaks". The Irish Times. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  76. ^ Smith, p. 318
  77. ^ Poncet, Sally; Crosbie, Kim (10 August 2021). A Visitor's Guide to South Georgia: Second Edition. Princeton University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-691-23442-7.
  78. ^ "New map of South Georgia unveiled". British Antarctic Survey. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  79. ^ John J. O'Connor (20 October 1985). "TV view: 'The Last Place on Earth' - Not just about the Antarctic". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  80. ^ Kennedy, Maev (16 October 2001). "Irish village hears tales of its forgotten polar hero". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  81. ^ "Tom Crean, Antarctic Explorer" (blog). annascaul-village.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  82. ^ Mac an tSíthigh, Seán (1 February 2021). "New research vessel named after explorer Tom Crean". www.rte.ie. RTE. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  83. ^ Hare, Peter. "Awards". Bank Street College of Education. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  84. ^ "Best Children's Books of the Year". Bank Street College of Education. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

References

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Further reading

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